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The following tree species seem [1] to have been the main cultivated ones in gardens of Ancient Egypt.


Le jardin et un bassin à poissons rectangulaire avec canards et lotus, des palmiers dattiers et arbres fruitiers plantés autour, sur une fresque du tombeau de Nébamoun, à l’origine à Thèbes, Égypte, 18e dynastie, (c1380 AEC), maintenant au British Museum, Londres, Royaume-Uni. Peinture sur platre, 72 x 62 cm.
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Sycamore fig - Ficus sycomorus, L. (Moraceae),
Common fig - Ficus carica, L. (Moraceae),
Date palm - Phœnix dactylifera, L. (Arecaceae),
Doum Palm - Hyphæne thebaica, (L.) Mart. (Arecaceae),
Argoun palm - Medemia argun, (Martius) Wurtt. ex H.A. Wendl. (Arecaceae),
Egyptian plum - Balanites ægyptiaca, (L.) Delile (Zygophyllaceae),
Christ-thorn – Ziziphus spina-christi, (L.) Desf. (Rhamnaceae),
Horseradish tree - Moringa peregrina, (Forssk.) Fiori (Moringaceae),
Olive – Olea europaea, L. (Oleaceae),
Pistachio – Pistacia sp. (Anacardiaceae),
Castor oil plant – Ricinus communis, L. (Euphorbiaceae),
Nile acacia – Acacia nilotica, , (L.) Willd. ex Delile (Fabaceae).
The cultivated plants inside today’s gardens are much more water solicitous, or if one prefers, in the Antiquity, the plants selected to appear in the gardens were relatively xerophytic: theses cultivated lands were really “gardens of the desert”.
The inventory of the plants of ornamental gardens in contemporary Egypt, in addition, underlines the nearly exclusive presence of nonlocal (exotic) plants. If the garden is also a tool of distinction, it is not astonishing to cultivate then some “maladaptation” (expensive, therefore, élitiste). See the work in progress: Plant Cosmopolitism and Social Extraterritoriality: a Modern History of Ornamental Gardens in Egypt.






[1] p. 32 in Springuel I., 2006 — The Desert Garden, A practical guide. Cairo; New York, American University in Cairo Press, 176 p.